Brazil’s circularity baseline stands at just 1.3%, revealing a system where nearly all materials are lost after a single use. Both domestic extraction and the material footprint are high—surpassing global and European averages and comparable economies—highlighting Brazil’s strong dependence on virgin resources. The country’s material profile is heavily biomass-based, with 64% of its material footprint and 57% of its domestic extraction made up of biomass, while non-metallic minerals account for 26% of the footprint. Together, these insights point to priority areas for intervention in Brazil’s material flows, helping to shape a roadmap for increasing circularity and reducing environmental pressures. This should consider not only Brazil’s environmental challenges but also the social inequalities embedded in Brazil’s economic structure. By measuring circularity in this way, Brazil can monitor its performance over time, contextualise trends, and enable data-driven goal setting to guide impactful future action.